12 February 2016

Why Is Cannabis Banned?

Across the world, more and more people are asking: Why is Cannabis banned? Why are people still sent to prison for using or selling it? Most of us assume it's because someone, somewhere sat down with the scientific evidence and figured out that Cannabis is more harmful than other drugs we use all the time, like alcohol and cigarettes. Somebody worked it all out, in our best interest. But when Johann Hari, award-winning British journalist and author, started to go through the official archives, researching his book, 'Chasing The Scream: The First and Last Days of the War on Drugs', to find out why Cannabis was banned back in the 1930's, he discovered that's not what happened. Not at all.

In 1929, a man called Harry Anslinger was put in charge of the Department of Prohibition in Washington, D.C. (United States). But alcohol prohibition had been a disaster. Gangsters had taken over whole neighbourhoods. Alcohol, controlled by criminals, had become even more poisonous. So alcohol prohibition finally ended and Harry Anslinger was afraid. He found himself in charge of a huge government department, with nothing for it to do. Up until then, he had said that Cannabis was not a problem. It doesn't harm people, he explained, and "there is no more absurd fallacy" than the idea it makes people violent.

But then, suddenly, when his department needed a new purpose, he announced he had changed his mind. He explained to the public what would happen if you smoked Cannabis. First, you will fall into 'a delirious rage'. Then you will be gripped by 'dreams ... of an erotic character'. Then you will 'lose the power of connected thought'. Finally, you will reach the inevitable end-point: 'Insanity'. Marijuana* turns man into a 'wild beast'. If marijuana* bumped into Frankenstein's monster on the stairs, Anslinger warned, the monster would drop dead of fright.

Harry Anslinger became obsessed with one case in particular. In Florida, a boy called Victor Licata hacked his family to death with an axe. Anslinger explained to America: This is what will happen when you smoke 'the demon weed'. The case became notorious. Parents across the US were terrified. What evidence did Harry Anslinger have? It turns out at this time he wrote to the 30 leading scientists on this subject, asking if Cannabis was dangerous and if there should be a ban. Twenty-nine wrote back and said no. Anslinger picked out the one scientist who said yes and presented him to the world. The press, obsessed with Victor Licata's axe, cheered them on. 

In a panic that gripped America, marijuana* was banned. The US told other countries they had to do the same. Many countries said it was a dumb idea and refused to do it. For example, Mexico decided their drug policy should be run by doctors. Their medical advice was that Cannabis didn't cause these problems and they refused to ban it. The US was furious. Anslinger ordered them to fall into line. The Mexicans held out, until, in the end, the US cut off the supply of all legal painkillers to Mexico. People started to die in agony in their hospitals. So with regret, Mexico sacked the doctor, and launched its own drug war.
"The scientific evidence suggests Cannabis is safer than alcohol.
Alcohol kills 40,000 people every year in the US. Cannabis kills nobody".

But at home, questions were being asked. A leading American doctor called Michael Ball wrote to Harry Anslinger, puzzled. He explained he had used Cannabis as a medical student and it had only made him sleepy. Maybe Cannabis does drive a small number of people crazy, he said, but we need to fund some scientific studies to find out. Anslinger wrote back firmly. "The marihuana evil can no longer be temporised with," he explained and he would fund no independent science. Then, or ever. For years, doctors kept approaching him with evidence he was wrong and he began to snap, telling them they were "treading on dangerous ground" and should watch their mouths.

Today, most of the world is still living with the ban on Cannabis that Harry Anslinger introduced, in the nation-wide panic that followed Victor Licata's killing spree. But here's the catch. Years later, somebody went and looked at the psychiatric files for Victor Licata. It turns out there's no evidence he ever even used Cannabis. He had a lot of mental illness in his family. They had been told a year before he needed to be institutionalised, but they refused. His psychiatrists never even mentioned marijuana* in connection to him. 

So, does Cannabis make people mad? The former chief advisor on drugs to the British government, Professor David Nutt, explains if Cannabis causes psychosis in a straightforward way, then it would show in a straightforward way. When Cannabis use goes up, psychosis will go up. And when Cannabis use goes down psychosis will go down. So does that happen? We have a lot of data from a lot of countries. And it turns out it doesn't. For example, in Britain, Cannabis use has increased by a factor of about 40 since the 1960's. And rates of psychosis? They have remained steady.

In fact, the scientific evidence suggests Cannabis is safer than alcohol. Alcohol kills 40,000 people every year in the US. Cannabis kills nobody, although Willie Nelson says a friend of his did once die when a bale of Cannabis fell on his head. This is why, in 2006, a young man in Colorado called Mason Tvert issued a challenge to the governor of his state, John Hickenlooper. Hickenlooper owned brew-pubs selling alcohol across the state and it made him rich. But he said Cannabis was harmful and had to be banned. So Mason issued him a challenge, to a duel. You bring a crate of booze. I'll bring a pack of joints. For every hit of booze you take, I'll take a hit of Cannabis. We'll see who dies first.

It was the ultimate 'High Noon'. Mason went on to lead the campaign to legalise Cannabis in his state. His fellow citizens voted to do it by 55%. Now adults can buy Cannabis legally, in licensed stores, where they are taxed and the money is used to build schools. After a year and a half of seeing this system in practice, support for legalisation has risen to 69%. And even Governor Hickenlooper has started calling it "common sense". Oh, and Colorado hasn't been filled with people hacking their families to death yet. Isn't it time we listened to the science and finally put away Victor Licata's axe?

This article was originally adapted from the New York Times best-selling book Chasing The Scream: The First and Last Days of the War on Drugs by Johann Hari, Glenn Greenwald, Noam Chomsky, Bill Maher, Naomi Klein and Elton John have all praised it. 

*Cannabis sativa L., is the correct botanical term, marijuana is a North American colloquialism

No comments:

Post a Comment